Diploma Biology Notes Essay Example for Free

Diploma Biology Notes Essaydesoxyribonucleic astringent is a huge information database that carries the complete set of instructions for making either the proteins a cell will ever need Although there are only four dissimilar bases in DNA (A, C, G and T), the order in which the bases occur determines the information to make a protein, just like the 26 letters of the alphabet combine to form words and sentences Compare RAT maw ART alike 3 letters completely different meanings. And with DNA GAC AGC CGA same 3 letters completely different meanings to the cell (specifies the aminic loony toonss Aspartic Acid, Serine, and Arginine)Q canvass What are genes?A The DNA in each chromosome that DOES provide the instructions for a protein is called a gene. * In the 1940s, scientists proposed, fairly cook uply, that each gene codes for (contains the instructions for) star protein. This is referred to as the one-gene, one-protein hypothesis. * One gene will code for perhaps both or more related proteins. * Scientists realized that we had only about 30,000 genes, coding for 100,000 different proteins rather than the 100,000 genes that had been estimated for the human genome * The basic hypothesis is still the same, but we know a lot more details. Q If DNA is in the nucleus and proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm, on ribosomes and in the RER, how to they get together? A The answer use a messenger to carry the instructions from DNA out into the cytoplasm. A nucleic acid very similar to DNA, called mribonucleic acid or messenger RNA, is a repeat of a gene, and serves this function the bridge between DNA and protein The Central DogmaDNA encodes the information to make RNA and RNA molecules function together to make proteinII. What is RNA and how is it different from DNA?Two big differences between DNA and RNA* 1. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose in RNA it is ribose * 2. The nitrogenous base uracil (U) is used in RNA in place of T (they are very simi lar bases in RNA U= A just like T = A.)III. Transcription Re-writing DNA into RNADNA has a consciousness strand and an antisense strand. The antisense strand is complementary to the sense strand. It is also known as the template strand, as this is the strand, which is used for transcription making mRNA. DNA is transcribed or re-written into RNA in a very complicated process called transcription. Simply stated, during transcription, one gene (DNA) is re-written into RNA in the nucleus * A team of enzymes and proteins binds to the promoter, or starting region, of a gene. * These enzymes and proteins unzip the DNA double helix just at the region of the gene. * The enzyme RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands to make an RNA copy of that one gene. * This copy, which contains the instructions to make 1 protein, is called an mRNA or messenger RNA. * After the mRNA is made, it is trimmed down to a final size, and shipped out of the nucleus. * When the mRNA gets into the cytoplasm, it is made into protein * Complete transcription of an RNA molecule.1. The resulting RNA nucleotides are added on the 3 end of the growing of mRNA strand. 2. RNA polymerase detaches itself and mRNA is released.3. Eukaryote pre- mRNA contains exons and introns* Introns are non-coding regions that need to be removed before translationThe structure of tRNA matches its functions Funtion to bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the growing polypeptide and to attach them in the incumbent location. tRNA is trip by a tRNA activating enzyme. tRNA delivers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain in translation.It picks up new amino acids when activated by a specific tRNA activating enzyme.IV. Connection between mRNA and proteinThe order of the bases in the DNA specifies the order of bases in the mRNA, andThe order of bases in the mRNA specifies the order of amino acids in a protein. The genetic code is a triplet code (handout)1. Nucleotides on mRNA are read one-third at a time by the ribosome. * Every three nucleotides in an mRNA (a codon) specify the addition of one amino acid in a protein. * For example, a 600 nucleotide mRNA will code for a 200 amino acid protein. 2. The amino acids corresponding to all 64 codons have been determined. completely proteins start with the initiation codon AUG (Met) * All proteins end with stop codons -either UAA, UGA, or UAG * Some codons that differ in the third nucleotide can still code for the same amino acidThe genetic code chart represents the sequence on the mRNA codon. V. Translation = De-coding RNA into proteinDuring translation, the mRNA transported to the cytoplasm is de-coded or translated to produce the correct order of amino acids in a protein. Translation requires numerous enzymes. rRNA = ribosomal RNA these RNA molecules associate with other proteins to form the ribosomes. Each ribosome can accept two tRNAs at a time (carrying amino acids) and one mRNA. tRNA = transfer RNA small RNA molecules that carry a spe cific amino acid at one end and an anticodon region that recognizes and binds mRNA at the other end. The tRNA that binds to that mRNA codon determines what amino acid is added to a protein chain. The Three RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) all clear together to turn the information in DNA into a 3-dimestional protein.The steps of translation1. Initiation mRNA enters the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes (rRNA + proteins). tRNAs, each carrying a specific amino acid, pair up with the mRNA polys inside the ribosomes. Base pairing (A-U, G-C) between mRNAcodons and tRNA anticodons determines the order of amino acids in a protein. 2. Elongation addition of amino acids one-by-oneAs the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the tRNA transfers its amino acid to the growing protein chain, producing the protein codon by codon 3. Termination when the ribosomes hit a stop codon UAA, UGA, or UAG the ribosome falls apart. The same mRNA may be used hundreds of times during translation by many ribosomes before it is broken down by the cell.

International and domestic air transportation services Essay Example for Free

International and domestic air transportation services EssayIntroductionThe Qantas group operates outside(a) and domestic air transportation services for empty and business traveling, freight and logistics services .It is as well as provides support activities including information technology, catering ground handling, engineering and maintenance. Qantas with its dual outline brand Jetstar flies now to much(prenominal)(prenominal) than 173 destinations in 42 countries and operates a fleet of 246 aircraft. The objective of this air passage is to operate a 20-strong airbus 380 fleet by 2015.The group is also a part of the origination global foodstuffing and code-sharing alliance, whichconsists of 11 leading airways. Qantas stakeholders are its shareholders, employees, customer, business partners and the community. Indirect stakeholders include the media, g e genuinelywherenments and non-government organizations. They all have a major influence on the business, its stra tegy and therefore its performance. It is to mention that Qantas group is in the unique position of having two outstanding and well established brands in both the premium and starting time fares categories with Qantas and Jetstar, which makes it a magnitude rival for Singapore Airlines. The headquarters of Qantas is located in New South Wales, Australia. It is split up into three main branches which include the Flying business, dissolute services Businesses and the Associated Services. All departments of this group have focused on one goal and thats nothing except ensuring senior spicy quality service in most efficient way. But they long term purpose is to operate the worlds best premium airline, Qantas, and the worlds best secondary fares carrier, Jetstar.BodyComprehensive Porters 5 forces analysisNowadays, Porters Five Forces model is the most important force which affects the Airline industry, especially because the mart is all told saturated. on that point are more servi ce providers than needed in both local as well as outside(a) markets (GreenBb, 2008). The airlines continuously compete against severally other in terms of customer services, technology, prices, in-flight entertainment, and many more disciplines (GreenBb, 2008). Actually, Porters Model is a business strategy tool which is used to canvas the agonisticalness and attractiveness of the airline industry of which Qantas operates. It is considered as an important part of planning tool set (Kawatra, 2013).Its analysis consists of 5 fundamental competitive forcesThe arguing among existing players Medium to HighQantas is faced with disputation within the domestic airline industry in Australia from Virgin Blue and Tiger Airways and international contender from all major airline operators including British Airways and Deutsche Lufthansa (all three airline operators are national flagship carriers). The fierce rivalry has resulted in high cost of competition, lower profits andslow market growth. Bargaining personnel of Suppliers MediumThe main factors which determine the bargaining power of suppliers include switching cost, substitute suppliers, threat of backward and before integration and supplier concentration. The airline supplier market for aircrafts is truly concentrated as there are two main suppliers, Boeing and Airbus. Their bargaining power is high in this industry (GreenBb, 2008). This restricts Qantas, along with its competitors, from exercising control over their suppliers to generate higher profit. Threat of Substitutes LowThe threat of alternative solution to international airline travel is somehow limited. However, the threat for domestic airline travel includes train, bus or car travel which is determinants of money, preference, time and convenience of the traveller. The ease of switching to a substitute increases competition (xiamichael, 2012). Hence, when switching cost is relatively low, the competition becomes higher and price becomes even m ore important. The airline industry is very competitive and as a result, profit margins are usually low. Also, the bargaining of the supplier is very high which undermines companies in the airline industry to exercise control over their supplier. With high entry cost, new competition into the international airline market is very low. Qantas can continue to dominate this market while still competing with domestic market using the Frequent Flyer programme increase loyal customer.Threat of new entry LowIn the world today, the airline industry is so saturated that there is hardly space for a newcomer even to squeeze its way in. The biggest for this is the cost of entry. The high cost of buying and leasing aircraft operational activities including pencil eraser and security measures, customer service and manpower makes the airline industry one of the most expensive industries (Q.G). Other barriers to entry which will prohibit new comers into the airline industry include Government restr ictions and the brand name of existing airlines. stigmatise name recognition and frequent fliers point also play a aim in the airline industry. An airline with a strong brand name and incentives can often attract a customer even if its prices are higher. Onthe other hand, a newcomer could just enter this saturated market easier with a completely new concept or technology (GreenBb, 2008).Bargaining power of Buyer Medium to DeclineThe bargaining power of emptors is another force that can affect the competitive position of a company. The airline industry is very competitive as they are competing for the same passengers and switching cost between airline operators is low. As a result, the buyer power is high in this industry. on that point are various choices presented to customers which usually means brand loyalty or price is the main factors when selecting an airline (Q.G). Buyers for Qantas include business travelers, leisure travelers, and travel agents. In fact, they demand val ue for every dollar spent, therefore they expect more and more from the airline. Qantas has the frequent flyer program which rewards loyal customers and increases switching costs for a passenger selecting a rival airline operator. Add to this, the technology developments help the Qantas to reduce the buyer power (xiamichael, 2012).ConclusionThe airline industry is very competitive and as a result, profit margins are usually low. Also, the bargaining of the supplier is very high which undermines companies in the airline industry to exercise control over their supplier. With high entry cost, new competition intothe international airline market is very low. Qantas can continue to dominate this market while still competing with domestic market using the Frequent Flyer program increase loyal customer.Factor Characterization (Current) next Trend Threat evaluate Key keen-sighted Threat Rating Key Rational Rivalry Among Existing Competitors Degree of seller concentration? Y-H There are m ore airline companies as compared to the customers requirement, thats why this market is saturated. Y-H Top class air lines are also now focusing on the lower price to gain maximum market share.E.g. Qantas has initiated jet star. Rate of industry growth? Y-H Yes, its growing but the substitute factors also make it very hard to maintain that growth rate. And also thereis Lack of diversification Y-H In future It would be same as it is according to todays forecasting. Significant cost differences among firms? Y-H Major costs and expenses are same but it depend on the destination airline is operating. Y-H Same trend will continue. Excess capacity? Y-H There is immense competition in airline industry that leads to excessive capacity as compared to demand. Y-H Customers growth will be overcome by the competitors competition. Degree of product differentiation among sellers? Y-M Qantas has both high cost carrier as well as low cost carrier. Y-L Innovation and technology will lead to new opportunities to the airline industry. Brand loyalty to existing sellers? Y-H There is no brand loyalty by the customer because of price competition in the industry. Y-H Same trend Will extend as it is. Buyers costs of switching from one competitor to another? Y-H Just one click for changing the airline from their computer screen.Most of customers change the airline on the bases of price factor Y-H No change in near future. Strengths of exit barriers? Y-H because of high capital cost for equipment (air planes) and other facilities there would be a gigantic waste. Y-M Some factor like technology might help to reduce the cost Can firms adjust prices quickly? Y-H Of course with considering price strategies they would adjust. Y-H Same cost strategies.Factor Characterization (Current) Future Trend Threat Rating Key Rational Threat RatingThreats of New Entrants Significant economies of scale? Y-M It would cost a lot to buy/lease an aircraft Y-H The costs of buying or leasing aircraft s are decreasing. Importance of reputation or established brand in purchase decisiveness? Y-H The competition is based on price Y-H The competition is based on price Entrants access to distribution channels? Y-H High accessibility to lots of websites and natural covering would make it much easier and also There are flight centers and travel agencies Y-H With the fast growing technology it will open even more doors done the accessibility to distribution channels Entrants access to technology/know how? Y-M professional courses which could make it possible to learn how to use the technology Y-L The number of skilled drudge would decrease Entrantsaccess to favorable location? Y-H All the firms operate from airports. Y-H All firms operating from airports. Government protection of incumbents? Y-M There should be some government linguistic rule But it still going to be attainable Y-L More regulation would be needed in order to make the environment more underwrite and safeFactor Chara cterization (Current) Future Trend Threat Rating Key Rational Threat RatingPressure From Substitutes Availability of close substitutes? Y-M Tele conference, online chats and VOIP could supervene upon the be exactly at the place Also for short distances it could be replaced with railways, buses, personal transportation.But still it could be the best choice for long distance and international traveling and also the fastest way. Y-H Their impact becomes significant when the speed advantage of aircraft becomes less important Price-value characteristics of substitutes? Y-M They are all the same, even sometimes it could cost more Y-H Substitutes costs will decrease while airline costs are relatively fixed. Availability of close complements? Y-M Frequent flyer programs, hotels, and tour packages Y-M Complements environment would be limited Price-value characteristics of complements? Y-M The prices are reasonable but there are alternatives than going after packages and loyalty programs Y-M -Factor Characterization (Current) Future Trend Threat Rating Key Rational Threat RatingPower of Suppliers Is Suppliers industry more concentrated than industry it sells to? Y-H Suppliers such aircraft and engine producers are consider as oligopoly Y-M There will be more supplier Few substitutes for suppliers input? Y-H There would not be that much substitution for the suppliers Y-M There will be more supplier Do firms in industry make relationship-specific investments to support dealings with specific suppliers? Y-H Airport services are concentrated in the small area of air ports but low changing costs. Y-H Same Trends judge. Are suppliers able to price discriminate among prospective customers accordingto ability/willingness to pay for input? Y-H With a high competitive industry and the limited suppliers and fixed regulations price discrimination threat is highly expected. Y-M More manufacturers/service providers are expected.Factor Characterization (Current) Future Trend Thre at Rating Key Rational Threat RatingPower of Buyers Is industry buyers more concentrated than the industry it purchases from? Y-H Because there is a very competitive industry price discrimination mostly happens Y-M There will be more supplier. Do buyers purchase in large volumes? Does a buyers purchase volume represent large fraction of typical sellers sales revenue? Y-H There would be a high scale of supply and low scale of demand with the buyers market Y-H There would be a high scale of supply and low scale of demand with the buyers market Can buyers find substitutes for industrys product? Y-H Separate transactions Y-H With more transactions expected but still not enough for a high volume purchases. Are prices in the market negotiated between buyers and sellers on each individual transaction or do sellers post a take-it-or-leave it price that applies to all transactions? Y-H Websites increased the price transparency Y-H Same trends expected.BibliographyGreenBb. (2008). Indust ry Analysis.Kawatra, P. (2013, january). Porters Five Forces Model. Retrieved from http//www.studymode.com/course-notes/Porters-Five-Forces-Model-1340484.html. Q.G. (n.d.). The Qantas group international and domestic air transportation services. Retrieved from http//www.ukessays.com/essays/management/the-qantas-group-international-and-domestic-air-transportation-services-management-essay.php. xiamichael. (2012, June). Qantas 5 Forces. Retrieved from http//www.studymode.com/essays/Qantas-5-Forces-1021718.html.

Indian Lubricant Industry An Introduction Marketing Essay

Indian Lubricant Industry An Introduction Marketing EssayIndian lubricant persistence in a recent past has presented new commercialize opport unities. Firm out produce in the Indian power, locomotive engineering and automotive sectors has been a boon for lubricant manufacturers. In automotive sector, as consumers migrate to efficient vehicles and motorbikes, they use higher grade lubricants. As a result, multi-grade lubricant products atomic number 18 get benefitted.In the industrial segment, high level of investment in manufacturing, transport and power sectors have the potential to drive very strong growth for leatherneck aviation lubricants and transformer fossil oil.The automotive lubricant market in India is highly price sensitive the volume growth is getting stagnated due to longer lasting lubricants.The sell trade and original equipment segment are two major selling channels in the Indian context. Due to ever ripening competition, tie-ups OEMs are change state important as they provide the apprise proposition of a notice. In sell trade, Petrol pumps (ROs) form the major distribution channel. Sales of lubricants via ROs or the bazar trade has changed the Indian automotive lubricant market into a FMCG sector. The other marketing channels are garages, super markets, rural and agricultural dealers, authorized work stations and wholesale distributors. PSU companies manufacture their own tooth root oil and follow a different distribution strategy as compared to their private counterparts that solely subject on imports. PSUs sell from their own wide spread earnings of ROs while private manufacturers cull supermarkets.Engine oil plays the most important role in deciding the market share of lubricant manufacturers. Increase in demand for 4-stroke motorcycles, tie ups with OEMs and implementation of new norms of pollution are few of the key drivers of the growth of the engine oil segment. Growth in heavy commercial vehicle segment, increa sing awareness among the customer base, new cooling technologies and OEM tie-ups has led to increase in coolant demand which has become the next largest segment in the automotive lubricants market.In brake oil segment, introduction of new brake systems, increasing growth in LCVs, consumption of lubes by CPVs and changing customer mindset related to specialty lubricants are believed to push demand further. The gear oil market is also gro arrive atg fast and has high potential owing to increasing number of vehicles on road. Vehicles of new generation with advanced gear system technologies automatic transmission systems desire special type of lubricants conceiving greater demand for API synthetic and multi axel gear oil, API MT-1, API GL-5 ultra-Matic, which reduces the oil changing intervals.In the long run, the over only picture for automotive lubricants sector looks brightly due to growth of Indian economy along with increased purchasing power of consumers.BPCLs Lube DivisionBha rat Petroleum offers a complete range of railroad train anoints, Automotive Engine petroleums, Specialty Oils, Transmission oils and Greases. The fine quality of the lubricant and its correct usage ensures longer engine life and trouble free operation. Lubricants were completely deregulated during the liberation era of early nineties. Thereafter, a large number of players have forayed into this market. Despite operating in a totally competitive environment, BPCLs Lubricants SBU has been registering a growth in lubricant gross sales continuously over the past couple of years. As compared to 2008-2009, a growth of 13.73% has been achieved and sales volume of 231.12 TMT has been achieved. The channels viz. retail and direct saw a growth of 20%.BPCL has a strong RD competency, extensive distribution network own source of Group II+ base oil, highly motivated and dedicated workforce which serves as a strengthening mechanism for it but due to increased competition and continuous phasi ng out of 2-stroke engines are threat to the company in its growth path.Birth of MAKIn 1998, BPCL re-launched lubricants in new attractive packs. It was mainly in automotive category with three major brands- Automol for Petrol Engine oils, MAK for Diesel Engine oils and Glide for 2-3 wheelers. The year 2003, MAK was named as an umbrella brand and subsequently all industrial grades too were branded with it.MAK Lubricants sales and its market shareThe Lubricants business of BPCL delivered a sales volume of 231.12 TMT in 2009-10 as compared to 203.22 TMT in 2008-09, a growth of 13.73%. The volume of finished lubricants grew by 23% during the last year. Both the reseller channel and direct channel grew by over 20%. MAK Lubricants are now available at more than 23,000 retail counters crossways the country apart from the small mechanic shops and authorized service stations.Products want MAK Chakda and MAK Boat XP were launched during the year. There has been an expansion in customer bas e crossways the segments with bloom focus on the key growth sectors. The wide range of products cater to normal applications like Engine oils to Hydraulic, Marine, Cutting and very specialized products for Defense applications and Railways. Products provide to particular applications like MAK Amocam Plus, MAK Steel for steel plant applications and superior Industrial Gear Oils were launched.In the retail channel, focus was on generating secondary sales at the retail outlet. Initiatives like One Day Wonder and MAK QUIK improved visibility of the brand and also offered a value proposition to the customers. Segment specific oils like MAK Auto XL and MAK D-Gen were introduced to cater to niche markets. The network of MAK distributors was further expanded with the objective of achieving leadership position in the high value grades. On the exports front, BPCL entered Sharjah and unite its presence in Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.Point of PurchaseLubes ShopThey are exclusive lubrican ts reselling points to facilitate the customers for their Lubricants requirement and confirming with the Quality and other standards of BPCL. The deregulation in the industry along with entry of multinationals has led to a deracination of trade to the bazaar. Owing to huge potential with competitors providing huge discounts, BPCL too has forayed in this direction and has started giving discounts to the peculiarity customer instead of the channel. These branded lubes shops are available all across the country in all major cities.TheseCUsersRomioDesktopLubeshoppe.gifMAK GarageBPCL started a attempt by enrolling the mechanic segment under the umbrella network of MAK Garage. It was launched in 2006 to promote the MAK lubricants and currently about 800 MAK garages across the country exclusively uses MAK LubricantsCUsersRomioDesktopmak_garage.gif maven Honda Service StationsJV between Hero Honda and Bharat Petroleum. The possible action is to utilize the vast BPCL network across the c ountry to provide value added services to the customers done the City Work network at our ROs. Currently, there are around 170 Hero Honda City Works operating across the countryCUsersRomioDesktopcitywrk.pngTASSTATA Authorized Service Station is yet another initiative for strengthening our relationship with TATA, Indian Auto Major. There is a joint collaboration for marketing co-branded greases, lubricants and specialty products MAK TATA products. TASS provides TATA vehicle service network throughout Dealer network across the country. This network of service is of two types SUVIDHA for TATA Ace vehicles and TASS for heavy vehiclesCUsersRomioDesktoptass.jpgVCCBPCL launched a new initiative VEHICLE CARE CENTRE at the retail outlets. This ought to provide esteemed customers state of the art facility at affordable rates. The network is in growth phase and is gaining huge popularity across the country.CUsersRomioDesktopvcare.pngMAK Quik Lube Oil ChangeTo value the time proposition of t he esteemed customers, new initiative MAK Quik Lube oil Change has been started at various outlets. It mainly caters to the Bike and Car/SUV customers for changing the Engine oil in the vehicles within a compact sweep of time. The major advantages to the customer out of this initiative is Quick Oil change in front of eyesMechanized system of changing Oil which helps in removing the layer of old oil completely.Genuine MAK product No Servicing cost- only the cost of product needs to be paid by the customers. Fast turnaround time for the customers. Exceptional offers to the customersCUsersRomioDesktopservice_makquik.jpgOEM Tie-upsDue to the ever growing competition, the tie-ups with OEMs have become important as they help in reinforcing the value proposition of a brand. BPCL is continuously working with OEMs to help them in providing the best value for money to the customers by developing and upgrading genuine oils for the vehicles and equipments by addressing the requirements of the changing technology.The marketing and RD teams have been providing the solutions for specialized lubricant applications in cement, power, steel, road construction, engineering and other leading industries in India. The RD team has developed about 300 different formulations in last 10 years out of which last 3 years saw about 50.BPCL has started its own LOBS plant in Mumbai by using the latest All Hydro Processing Technology a Chevron Lummus Global patent. This has enabled them to manufacture finer quality MAK Base oils beyond the requirement of API Group II which is rated as Group II nonnegative.OEMs ac bashledge BPCLs identity in producing quality base oil, best of RD capabilities and deep marketing acumen.OEM PartnershipsBPCL has agreements with top notch automotive manufacturers which have twain National and International presence. This is in addition to presence across the country with plethora of options available for all the sections of the industry. With superior technolo gy, strong brands and vast distribution, MAK Lubricants is a ideal partner for OEMs looking for offering their consumers the best of products and services.Hero Honda aim LimitedIt has an association with BPCL since the year 2004. MAK Lubricants has become the biggest supplier of engine oils in a span of first five years for initial fill and to Hero Honda Motor Limited dealers, Authorized service stations spare part stockists. BPCL has been developing enduringness products like Engine oils Shock Absorber with joint working with HHML that can meet the stringent HONDA, Japan stipulations. Also, BPCL has started Hero Honda City Works exclusive service outlets for HHML customersat BPCL ROs.http//www.maklubes.com/Images/HHSuperPremium4TPlus.jpghttp//www.maklubes.com/Images/Hero_Honda.jpgThis is the largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in India. There exists a strategic alliance with Authorized Service Network, Tata Motors dealerships and Tata Motor Spare part dealerships for s upply of Engine oils and Co-branded engine oils speciality products to. MAK Lubricants jointly works with Tata Motors in areas including joint product development, customer service promotion. MAK TATA MOTORS CH4 15W40, particularly developed for Tata Motors, is authorized by Tata Motors to use in all commercial vehicles fitted with Tata Cummins Engine.Tata Motors Commercial Vehicles Division http//www.maklubes.com/Images/MAK_ATF-A.jpghttp//www.maklubes.com/Images/tata_motors.jpgBPCL and GM have entered a strategic alliance to supply Co-branded engine oils and speciality products to the GM dealerships authorized service networks across the country. BPCLs GM MAK Genuine 15W40 Diesel Petrol Engine Oils are specially developed for GM is endorsed by GM for use in all its rider cars and Utility vehicles.General Motors India http//www.maklubes.com/Images/MAK_Genuine_Diesel_Engine_O.jpghttp//www.maklubes.com/Images/general_motors.jpgThe 3rd largest 2-wheeler manufacturer in India an d among top ten in the world, TVS had an annual turnover of more than $1 billion in 2008-2009. BPCL and TVS Motor Company have an exclusive tie-up to supply engine-oils for initial service fill TVSM dealers, spare part stockists Authorized service stations. TVS TRU 4the 1st JASO MA2 specification oil of its type has been manufactured by BPCL for TVSM two- wheelers. It is available at all TVS Motor authorized dealerships workshops and BPCLs extensive reseller network.TVS Motor Company Limitedhttp//www.maklubes.com/Images/Mak_TVS_tru4.jpghttp//www.maklubes.com/Images/tvs_motors.jpgLT KOMATSUA market leader in excavator segment, it commands greater than 50% of the market share. Tie-up for past 5 years for supplying oils LT Komatsu dealerships and users. BPCL also develop, manufacture supply specially formulated speciality products and hydraulic transmission oils for use in to LT Komatsu excavatorshttp//www.maklubes.com/Images/LT_Komatsu.jpg.Competitors of Bharat Petroleum Corporati on Limited (BPCL) LubricantsHPCLIOCLHonda Engine OilYamaha LubesCastrol India LtdSavita GroupTotal Group, IndiaGulf Oil Corporation Ltd (Lubricant Division)Apar Industries LtdThe Andrew Yule GroupGagan Gases LtdBalmer Lawrie Co LtdMajor Competitors Engine Oils used at authorized Service StationsHonda Engine OilHonda 4-stroke engine oil is developed by the RD, Honda Motors Ltd., Japan. It conforms to International specifications of SAE 20W40 and API SJ. It has been developed keeping difficult driving conditions prevalent in India.Savita Chemicals LimitedIn 1961, it started as a small manufacturing unit in Mumbai started producing white mineral oil. Presently, SCL specializes in manufacturing of petroleum specialty products like petroleum jelly, liquid paraffin, white mineral oil, transformer oil, automotive other industrial lubricants. It is in technical collaboration with largest independent oil company of Japa, Idemitsu Kosan, for manufacturing automotive and industrial lubricant s. It supplies lubricants to OEMs like Honda Siel, Toyota and HMSI.YamalubeThese are made by combining base oils, additives and solvents chosen and composite to work perfectly for the vehicle. It was designed to work in harmony with the important mechanical components of vehicle.4-stroke fully synthetic engine-oil for high-performance bikes and competition engines.4-stroke semi-synthetic engine-oil a unique last for all road bikes in normal conditions.4-stroke mineral engine oil premium quality2-stroke semi-synthetic engine oil for 2-stroke engines for standard or unleaded petrol engines.The Marketing Channels**Pie areas not to the scaleTill date, the Indian consumers associate filling of lubricants to petrol stations. With the deregulation of market fierce competition, lubricant is being positioned as high involvement consumer goods. Hence, there is a resultant drift out typeface the petrol stations, shift to bazaar trade. In the developed World, Do-it-Yourself concept has evo lved for filling up of engine oil as customers have high degree of awareness sensitivity. This is still the job of mechanics service stations in India. This shift had the following effectsDumping of products in bazaar.Decline in Market Share of oil companies in public sector.Industry got transformed to FMCG owing to displace of the marketEntry of spurious lubricants.War of trade discounts ending in lesser margins for dealers.Consumer Buying BehaviorTo start the understanding of the behavior, first we need to know who the consumer is or rather we should define the consumer. A consumer is one who owns a motor vehicle it can be a motor-bike, a car, a truck or an auto. Let us take example of a farmer who owns a tractor, jeep and a truck. He does not buy separate lubricants for his truck or tractor but rather he would buy for one in bulk and would use it for other two. This might be due to his belief that diesel oils are better than petrol ones. Also, in many parts of country, the far mers use left-over/old oils in their tractors/trucks into the agricultural pump sets.MotivatorsThe main motivators or influencers in the buying ending of customers are retailers/mechanics/dealers. As quite obvious, the owner of the vehicle or the driver has a very little chance of knowing about the intricacies or the composition of the lubricant oils in the market. Initial grease ones palms of lubricant for hi is influenced by the brand recommended by the dealer or the mechanic. Subsequent purchases may be influenced by the petrol pump attendants or dealers. He would go for the brand which provides him value for money and would not consider the costliest one.Favorite brandsAs seen during the study, the consumers are deal seeker and can shift their loyalty for a matter of few bucks. This can be attributed to the fact that the purchase of lubricants is a low involvement purchase for the majority of people. For a person having multiple motor vehicles can purchase the engine oil and subsequently use them in some other factor as for example in pumps as discussed earlier. But one who is having a sole motor vehicle say a truck would rather prefer to buy diesel than lubricants as this would directly have an effect on his livelihood.His choice of lubricants would be influenced by-PromotionsNow-a-days, by adopting a customer-oriented approach, companies focus on creating brand awareness via print and visual media. E.g., promotional campaigns and trade shows offer gifts to their customers these are ways of driving sales of the automotive lubricantsMAK MALAMAAL DAILY JEET KI KHUSHISCRATCH benefit This promotional offer provides a chance to win up to Rs. 30 on MAK 4T plus 900 ml 1 ltr pack and a chance to win up to Rs.100 on selected MAK Petrol Diesel Engine oil packs from 3-5 ltrs.http//www.maklubes.com/MAKADMIN/Promotiondata/8_Image_JEET_%20KI_KHUSHI.jpgThis promises the customers a Promise Tooth Paste and Binaca Toothbrush free with every pack of MAK GE 20W-5 0 1 ltr pack MAK PUMP 3.5 ltr pack.GADI MEIN DHAMAK HASI MEIN DHAMAKhttp//www.maklubes.com/MAKADMIN/Promotiondata/10_Image_HASI_MEINDHAMAK.jpgMAK MALAMAAL DAILY KISMAT KI BALTI KHOLOThis provides a chance to win up to Rs. 500 on purchase of MAK Lubricants Engine/gear oils packs from 7.5 -20 ltr packs. branched offer An unbreakable LED torch light free with every pack of 15 20 ltrhttp//www.maklubes.com/MAKADMIN/Promotiondata/2_Image_Kismat_ki_balti.jpgAwareness/Sales Booster MechanismvariegationGoing on the lines of innovation, BPCL MAK have embarked upon thinking beyond Lubricants. As a part of this inventiveness, MAK lubricants have through dynamic RD have offered new products catering to specific requirements and the problems faced by the customers.MAK All-Season HMO Apple Spray Tea Spray OilsThis Horticultural Mineral oil is manufactured out of Group II plus MAK Base oils which are environment friendly, therefore, they not only protect the tender plants and fruits but als o their users. It is superior to both Summer and Dormant Oils and has no side effects.All season protectionReduces number of spraysBroad spectrum protection against fellas and diseasesAvoids usage of synthetic pesticidesExcellent crop returnValuable tool when it comes to integrated pest management programsReduces pest control costsEnvironmental benefitsEco-friendly approachNo residue on evaporationOrganic biodegradableSafe on predaceous complexesNo toxic elementsNo interference with plant respirationAuthenticationIncreases crop value

India One Of The Most Richest Civilizations History Essay

India One Of The Most Richest Civilizations History EssayIndia is home to one of the richest and the or so ancient civilizations in the world, which existed over 5,000 years ago. This civilization originated in the Indus River V wholeey, thereof the name micturaten to it was Indus vale civilization. It is the origin of m whatsoever of the ideas, philosophies and movements which have shaped the constituent of mankind. The civilization with its main cities Mohenjadaro and Harappa flourished for over eight centuries. Its people thought to be Dravidians, whose descendants still bide the far south of India.The history of India begins with evidence of gracious activity of Homo sapiens as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in India. A sophisticated a nd technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This Bronze Age civilization collapsed before the end of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over untold of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born in the 6th or 5th century BCE and propagated their ramanic philosophies.Almost all of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. It subsequently became fragmented, with various split incurd by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next 1,500 years. This is known as the guiltless period of Indian history, during which India has sometimes been estimated to have had the largest economy of the ancient and medieval world, controlling between one third and one fourth of the worlds wealth up to the 18th centu ry.Much of northern and central India was once again united in the 4th century CE, and remained so for two centuries thereafter, under the Gupta Empire. This period, witnessing a Hindoo religious and intellectual resurgence, is known among its admirers as the Golden Age of India. During the same time, and for several centuries afterwards, southern India, under the rule of the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas, experienced its own golden age. During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia.The southern state of Kerala had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Islam was introduced in Kerala through and through this passageway by Muslim traders. Muslim rule in the subcontinent began in 712 CE when the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southern Punjab,setting the stage for several successive invasions from key Asia between the 10th and 15th centuries CE, leading to the formation of Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.Mughal rule came to treat most of the northern parts of the subcontinent. Mughal rulers introduced Middle easternmostern art and architecture to India. In addition to the Mughals and various Rajput kingdoms, several independent Hindu states, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, the Maratha Empire, and the Ahom Kingdom, flourished contemporaneously in southern, western, and northeastern India respectively. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis, Sikhs, and Marathas to exercise control over large atomic number 18as in the northwest of the subcontinent until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia.Beginning in the mid-18th century and over the next century, India was gradually annexed by the British East India Company. Dissatisfaction wi th Company rule take to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which India was directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and later joined by the Muslim League. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after being partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan.WHAT ARE THE ARTIFACTS ?An artefact or artefact is any object made or special by a human. Artifact is the usual spelling in the US and Canada, artefact in the UK and Australasia (see spelling differences). In archaeology, where the term is most comm except apply, an artifact is an object recovered by some archaeological endeavor, which may have a cultural interest. Examples include stone tools such as projectile points, pottery vessels, metal objects such as guns, and items of p ersonal adornment such as excepttons, jewellery and clothing. Other examples include bone that show signs of human modification, fire cracked rocks from a hearth or plant material used for food.Imported Mycenaean stirrup vase found in the acropolis of Ras Shamra (Ugarit), 1400-1300 BCArtifacts bottom of the inning come from any archaeological context or source such asBuried along with a body (grave goods).From any feature such as a midden or other domestic settingHoardsVotive offeringsArtifacts are distinguished from the main body of the archaeological record such as stratigraphic features, which are non-port equal remains of human activity, such as hearths, roads, or deposits and remains, and from biofacts or ecofacts, which are objects of archaeological interest made by other organisms, such as seeds or animal bone.Natural objects which have been moved but not changed by humans are called manuports. Examples would include seashells moved inland or rounded pebbles position away from the water action that would have fashioned them.These distinctions are often blurred for instance, a bone removed from an animal carcass is a biofact, but a bone carved into a useful implement is an artifact. Similarly there can be debate over early stone objects which may be crude artifacts or which may be naturally occurring phenomena that only appear to have been used by humans.Head of the Buddha, Gandhara style, Stucco, 5th Century some five thousand years ago, an important civilization developed on the Indus River floodplain. From about 2600 B.C. to 1700 B.C. a vast number of settlements were built on the banks of the Indus River and surrounding areas. These settlements cover a remarkable region, almost 1.25 million kilometers of land which is today part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were well-organized Pot shards from Harappa and solidly built out of brick and stone. Their drainage systems, rise and water st orage systems were the most sophisticated in the ancient world. They also developed systems of weights and trade. They made jewelery and game pieces and toys for their children. From looking at the structures and objects which survive we are able to learn about the people who lived and worked in these cities so long ago. The people of the Indus Valley Civilization also developed a writing system which was used for several hundred years. However, unlike some other ancient civilizations, we are still unable to read the words that they wrote.The excavations at Mohenjo-daroMohenjo-Daro (English Mound of the dead) was a city of the Indus Valley Civilization built around 2600 BC and is located in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. This ancient five thousand year old city is the largest of Indus Valley and is widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia and the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo Daro was one of the worlds first cities and contemporaneous with anc ient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. It is sometimes referred to as An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis.Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and their civilization, vanished without trace from history until discovered in the 1920s. It was extensively excavated in the 1920s, but no in-depth excavations have been carried out since the 1960s.The excavations at Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The most extensive recent work at the site has focused on attempts at conservation of the standing structures, undertaken by UNESCO in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology and Museums, as well as various foreign consultants. In December 1996, preservation work at the 500-acre site suspend after funding from the government and international organizations ran out, according to a resident archaeologist. However in April 1997, the UN Educational, Scientific and Culture Organization (UNESCO) funded $10 million to a project to be conducted over two decades in order to prote ct the Mohenjo-daro ruins from flooding. This project has been a success so far. UNESCOs efforts to save Mohenjo-daro was one of the key events that led the organization to establish World Heritage SitesCONCLUSIONIndia is home to one of the richest and the most ancient civilizations in the world, which existed over 5,000 years ago. This civilization originated in the Indus River Valley, hence the name given to it was Indus Valley civilization. It was the origin of many of the ideas, philosophies and movements which have shaped the destiny of mankind. Its people are thought to be Dravidians, whose descendants still inhabit the far south of India.Above articles shows that the real picture of indian culture and its value.Artifacts and indian texts like (MAHABAHARTA, RAMANYANA etc) shows the indian culture and society in the ancient time.we can easily find out our indian history with the help of artifacts and indian text. Many historians had found the history of taj mahal or all other m onuments with help of artifacts or as well as texts , it also found that how many years ago can monuments was built? What was the structures?Artifacts are mainly as simple indicators to give us the knowledge about past.Jewelryis an important part of Indian culture and these artifacts are insightful into the lives of the previous owners. For example, it is known in part through jewelry that before European settlement it was not uncommon for Native tribes to trade amongst themselves as the materials used in the jewelry are interchangeable. Not only were the materials such as beads, shells, copper, silver, ivory, amber, andturquoisetraded but it is also likely thatdesignsand patterns were intermingled due to similarities in the pieces. Jewelry artifacts from Indians were typically either metalwork or beadwork. The styles were often constructed by hammering and etching to creatependantsas well as stitching countless beads together. It is also of interest that these artifacts were not on ly used for decoration but may also have served religious purposes.According to my analysis , Indian artifacts are responsible our indian ancient culture.

Increasing Visual Comfort with Blue Light in Video

Increasing Visual Comfort with Blue lightly in television systemAdjusting the spunky demoralize of the delineation to increase the visual comfort belong to the changed of joyous surroundAbstract This base is an approached method adjusting the aristocratical easygoing of the impression to constrict the meat short letterwhen tidy sum observance pic on digital devices such as computer display, smartphone screen or tablet in divergent luminance of the environments fresh. The method is using the light sensor thumpting the luminance orders of the light, then sending these look upons immediately to our program to process the sort of the video. The videos frames depart be processed establish on lightings values and given the modern videos frames which are reduced the brightness light. The video with reduced the brightness and mordant light impart increase the visual comfort to the human eyeball when nation watch the video in different light environments from bright ness to slantedness.Keywords bad light, eye strain, lighting environment, video, visual comfort.1. IntroductionIn recently years, digital devices are real popular in the world because they are very useable in the humans life.The digital display of devices is produced from a variety of applied science called light emitting diodes (light-emitting diode). From this technology, the digital display exposes to blue light that is a primary run short out causing the eye strain and visual discomfort. Some electronic device displays such as computer screen, laptop, smartphone device or TV emit a lot of the brightness light contained the blue lights which bring to people the eye symptoms. As we know that, the blue light has a short wavelength in the subject field of the plain light spectrum. The blue lights wavelength has a range from 380nm (nanometer) to 500 nm it is one of the shortest and highest energy wavelengths. The sources of blue light include the sunniness, computer displa y, smartphone screen, television, fluorescent and LED lighting. The eye strain is asthenopia in the medical term. When people concentrate their eyes on the digital display overtime, they leave alone impersonate the symptoms of ocular as fatigue, tired eyes, blurred vision, headache, neck pain and dry eyes. In the report of the vision council, in that respect is 44% activity associated with the digital device use for work and 43 % for recreational reading. Besides, nearly 30% of the adults spend much than half of waking hours ( 9 hours) using a digital device. By using the virtually commonly digital devices as computer, smartphone, tablets, television,the symptoms of digital eye strain are 32,8%, that is the highest symptom.When doing the jobs or watching video on the computer more than(prenominal) than two hours, people will channel stress or some opposite symptoms. The reason is that some frames of the video have many an(prenominal) brightness lights that will expose the blue lights to make people feel uncomfortable. In addition, if the people watch the same movie on day or nighttime with the glare, they will tired eyes, world(a) fatigue, blurring or headaches. As we are known that the brightness video is normal to the eyes at day because the daylight is brightness overly, but it is glaring when watching at night or in darkness environment condition.To filter or adjust the blue light, there are many ways to falloff the brightness light and increase the visual comfort such as using blue light filter applications, changing text and background colouring on the screen, or using the glasses. These methods have some advantages and disadvantages. In our research, we propose the system to process the cloak of videos frame belonging to the luminance value of the light environment. Our method is raft up a system to perceive the light environment. Based on the darkness or brightness light, we will process the poised value from sensor directly to the vi deos frame and display on the digital display after filtering blue light on the video. From this method, the color and histogram of videos frame will be rendered immediately when the environment changed. It means that if the video is taken from another environment, it will be processed adjusting the blue light to reduce the eye strain and enhance the visual comfort in the current environment of light when the spectator watching.2. Related worksIn previous researches, there are many research written document talking about the blue light that is affected to the human eyes. From the blue light exposed website, they are talking about what is the visible light and blue light.Then, they also talk how the important of protection the humans eyes from the hurtful effects of the blue light rays. Besides, this website also presents which symptoms effect to the eyes such as blurry vision, dry and irritated eyes, neck pain and difficulty focusing. They apply the rule 20-20-20 watching every 2 0 minutes, focus and objective about 20 feets and ways for 20 seconds. They also propose some solutions to filter blue light from digital devices. Kuang-Tsu Shih3 and his coworkers show the solution to reduce harmful blue light and optimize the spectral transmittance and minimize the color distortion in the blocking harmful blue light while preserving picture color appearance. Yong-Woo Kim1 and coworkers cite the method to decrease the visual discomfort by reducing blue light component. They survey perceived symptom before and after watching a movie and measure the eye-blink rates of the participants, saccadic movements and near the point of convergence in his analysis effects of the blue light. Yoon-Suk Kang2 said that the brighter video gives more discomfort than the darker video after making the comparison on stereoscopic 3D display, auto-stereoscopic 3D monitor and HDM devices.Additionally, there are some research papers about reading luminance of the light and turn on the lig ht in the darker environment or turned off it in bright. In the tutorials point, they introduce about the histogram of an moving picture and help to know which image is dark or bright from the histogram. From the histogram equalization article, Robert Krutsch and David Tenorio4 said that which histogram covers all the possible values in the grayscale used is a good histogram. It means that the histogram will be a good contrast and details in the image will be observed more easily.3. Theory Information3.1. Blue light and visual comfortVisual comfort is a metric that is used to rate the lighting senses. In the recently years, several people make the research about the visual comfort and the relation from the lighting environment to the visual comfort. According to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the standards on lighting environment with many parameters as relevant for visual comfort including color rendering index and correlated color temperature. thitherfore, th ere is some research papers are considered on surfaces brightness and color, light statistical distribution and appearance of light and luminaires. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR) system that is demonstrable by CIE in 1995 to evaluate the visual comfort glare by lighting sources as followWhere Lb is the background luminance(cd/m2), Li is the luminance (cd/m2), Pi is the position of each luminance. From the CIE, the higher UGR value suggests the higher visual discomfort glare. Besides, the researchers consider that luminance arrangement, LED lights quantity and lighting source surface distribution can be the factor causing discomfort. They said that if the number of LED increases then the glare is decreased. In many case studies research, people recognize that the color affects to the visual comfort in the mood and performance.As we known, the visible light has a wavelength from 400nm to 700nm (nanometer). It is visible for the human eye and responsible for the sense of the sight. In this range, the lengthy wavelengths are a red light and the shorter wavelengths are blue light. The blue light has a wavelength spectrum of between approximately 380nm and 500nm. It is one of the shortest and highest energies of wavelength.Fig. 1. Light spectrum with visible light (400-700 nm) and blue light (380-500 nm)Where is the blue light? And, what effect of the blue light to the human life? The blue light actually exists anywhere. It is stored in the light of the sun and traveled through the atmosphere. Furthermore, the blue light is exposed from the digital devices such as PC monitor, smartphone screens, TVs, laptops, tablet displays, fluorescent and LED light. Today, the LED display is very popular. It is used the LED back-light technology to enhance the brightness of the screen and clarity. Unfortunately, the LED has the very height energy of the wavelength or blue light. Because of the development of PC, smartphone,.the digital devices with this technology are used on t hem. Therefore, people will watch the blue light too much. Besides of some benefits of blue light as tutelage alertness, help memory and cognitive function and evaluate moods, if people get the blue light emitted from the digital devices, they will get stress and eye strain. There are many kinds of eye strain as blurry vision, dry and irritated eyes, difficulty focusing, headaches, back pain, They also increase the risk of depression, permanent eye damage or loss vision. There are the research from Harvard said that if people work the night shift and exposure to the blue light to get several types of cancer diabetes, heart disease or increased risk of depression.3.2. Hardware circuit and Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensorIn our research, the ironware used to process and transfer luminance of lighting environment is Arduino circuit board. Arduino is an important circuit board that communicates with the computer and other electric devices via USB port. It also gets railroad sidi ng data from electric devices and sends to the computer to process. Arduino is very famous microcontroller board with many categories. Arduino Uno is used in our research based on the ATmega328. The board has 14 digital output capitulations including 06 digital pins used as PWM output. It has the operating voltage of 5V and limitation of the input voltage from 6V to 20V. Additional, DC current of each I/O pin is 20mA. Flash memory has a capacity 32KB. Arduino read inputs from a sensor, finger on the button, data from USB or a Twitter message, then turn it into an output as activating motors, turning on a LED or publishing something online. There are a lot of projects in many palm and worldwide community of makers using the board to set up their projects. To do something, you can tell what you want to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. Arduino is changing to adapt to new need and challenges with simple 8-bits boards to products for Internet of Things (IoT), wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments.Fig. 2. Arduino board (left),LDR sensor (center) and characteristic of LDR sensor schema (right)LDR sensor is a light sensitive device. It is made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. It operates based on the resistance. If its resistance is very high, the LDR is kept in dark and brighter when its resistance decreases. When the light is incident, it takes 8 to 12 ms for the change in resistance to taking place and takes one or more seconds for the resistance to renegade back again. LDR has a low cost and simple in structure. People use it as a light sensor. It is used for lamps on street or light intensity meters, etc.3.3. Making image contrastA histogram is a graph. It presents the absolute frequency of anything that is provided in the dataset. The graph has two axes y-axis presents the counting number of frequency and x-axis is the values of things in the dataset. In image bear upon, the histogram displays frequency of pixel intensity values. While x-axis is the gray of intensities, then y-axis shows the frequency of these intensities. The histogram is very useful in image touch. It can be used in medical to predict something from X-ray picture, adjusting the contrast of an image or using in thresholding, Therefore, equalization histogram is necessary to get the balance in the image. To enhance the contrast, we make the histogram equalization. After equalization, the intensity of the image is better distributed on the histogram. There are some methods to equalize the histogram such as histogram expansion, local area histogram equalization, cumulative histogram equalization, par and odd sectioning.Fig. 3. Histogram equalization4. Algorithm and resultsIn the previous section, the blue light is a primary to make the people getting eye strain and visual discomfort when they work on the digital display devices. The eye strain will make people get stress or some other diseases. I f people work or watch image/movie long time on the computer or digital devices at the night, the eye strain and discomfort will be increased more and more. This is very dangerous to the human eyes and their mental. With the blue light exposed from the PC monitor, people work on the screen of the computer or the laptop will increase the stress or eye strain. Especially, it will be increased more and more visual discomfort if people watch image or video at the night. At that time, the light of environment is too dark, and the video may have much lights of the blue color. So, reducing the eye strain and increasing visual comfort that synonym to reduce the blue light on each frame of the video is very necessary in this case. The problem is how to reduce it?From our research, we propose the solution to help people reduce the eye strain when they watch the video in the darkness environment of light. Our solution is a system with two parts including electric devices and image processing p rogram. Our systems structure is described in the following figureFig. 4. The structure of reducing blue light and increasing visual comfort system.In the process, if we have the video that is captured from brightness environments. As we known that, the brighter frames of the video caused more visual discomfort than darker video. So, when we watch the brighter video in the dark lighting environment, we will get more visual discomfort. How to know which is the brighter or darker lighting environment? We use the LDR sensor. LDR sensor with the resistor to get the intensity of the environment and Arduino board collects the values of LDR. On the other hand, we get the information from the input video (videos frames) via histogram. We process every pixel from the input video (videos frames) with the value collected by Arduino. In the next, we are role the pixels color after processed into (255,255,255).Then, we make the equalization histogram for the image to enhance the contrast. Final ly, the new output video (videos frames) is rendered and reduced blue light in the new environment.In generally, our algorithm is presented as followingRead luminance value of current environment by LDR sensor (E).Calculate and send to the program value of (E).Read the desired video by sequentially frames.Calculate the value of (E) on each pixel of videos frames.Process color of the videos frames after calculating in the fourth step.Equalize histogram to enhance the contrast of the videos frames.Display new rendered video after reduced eyestrain or visual discomfort (increasing visual comfort). The LDR light sensor gets the lights luminance of the environment and process that value by using Arduinoboard. The computer read the video and the lightings luminance values sent from the Arduino board based on the lightings luminance values, we calculate the histogram and process above videos frames, then rerender that video suitable to the environment light. The output video is reduced the blue-light and reduces the eye strain of the viewer. Finally, the viewer will watch the video in less visual discomfort in the different lighting environments (from brightness to darkness).Based on the algorithm and processing video, we try to work on the day and night with the same video. For easy imaging, we choose an image frame of video and process on it with the luminance value from lighting environment. The result has some different images that are different to the original image. The results are depicted as followOriginal image frame moderate image frame on the dayResult image frame at the night in less darknessResult image frame at the night in very darknessFig. 5. Output image frame in different values collected from light sensorFor the 3D stereo images, we also process the left and right images belonging to the light values that are collected from the LDR light sensor via Arduino circuit board. In this case, re-rendered the images by calculating a color based on environme nt light is very important because it is strong effected to the eye. If the blue light is not reduced, the eye strain will be stronger and visual discomfort more increasing when watching 3D stereo movie.5. ConclusionToday, the digital devices are very popular. It always exists parallel in the humans life. Therefore, watching video on the digital display devices in a long time will get stress, eye strain, and visual discomfort. Our paper has proposed the solution to the viewer when they watch the video by using light sensor-LDR. The LDR light sensor perceives the current light environment, the system processes to make an output video belonging to the environment that is reduced eye strain and visual discomfort. Our solution gives the result depending on correspondence environment brightness or darkness.ReferencesYong-Woo Kim and Hang-Bong Kang. (2016). Analysis of blue-light effects in reducing visual discomfort from watching stereoscopic 3D video. Society for Imaging Science and Tec hnology.Yoon-Suk Kang and Sungho Cho. (2016). Comparison of visual discomfort when viewing 3D videos with various contrast changes on a stereoscopic 3D display, an autostereoscopic display, and an HMD. Society for ImagingScience and Technology.Kuang-Tsu Shih, Jen-Shuo Liu, Frank Shyu, Su-Ling Yeh, and Homer H. Chen. (2016). Blocking Harmful Blue Light while Preserving frame Color Appearance. ACM Trans. Graph, Vol. 35, No. 6, Article 175, 10 pages.Takashi Shibata, Joohwan Kim, David M. Hoffman, Martin S. Banks. (2011). The zone of comfort Predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. Journal of Vision, 11(8)11, 1-29.Gordon Wetzstein, Wolfgang Heidrich1 and David Luebke. (2010). Optical Image Processing Using Light Modulation Displays. Computer Graphics Forum, vol 29, issue 6, pp. 1934-1944.Monica St. (2010). Colour And Light And The Human Area For Visual Comfort. Colour and Light in Architecture_First International collection 2010_Proceedings, 285-291.Robert Krutsch and David Tenorio. (2011). Histogram Equalization. Technical Report, Microcontroller Solutions Group, Guadalajara, Rev.0.Paola Iacomussi , Michela Radis, Giuseppe Rossi, Laura Rossi. (2015). Visual Comfort with LED Lighting. The 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC. Energy Procedia 78 ( 2015 ) 729 734.The Vision Council. (2011). Protect your eyes from digital devices. Digital eye strain report, unpublished.Effect of blue light technology, https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_blue_lights_technology.Eye Strain, http//www.medicinenet.com/eye_strain/article.htm.Arduino Tutorial, https//www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Calibration.Visual comfort probability, https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_comfort_probabilityAuthorsViet Tran Hoang is a PhD candidate in Global naturalize of Media, Soongsil University, Seoul,Korea. He had received his B.S degree in Computer Science from Cantho University, Vietnam, in 2000. He hold a M.S degree in Information System watchfulness from HAN University , Netherlands, in 2011. He is currently pursuing his PhD in Computer Graphics at Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea. His research interests include image processing, 3D real-time rendering and 3D stereoscopic rendering.

mankind is our business :: essays research papers

It takes a village to raise a child, a famous quote with much more truth in it than may be realized. As a person, being digress of a family, community, and country in the world is so mandatory for survival, that not making mankind part of our business is not an option. Survival, as human beings, is not plausible without the outside help of others. Each and every day, whether we realize it or not, we are being helped by others, and more than desirely, helping others along the way as well. People should be able to help other people without being cynical, without needing their own selfish motivations in order to achieve their goals. It should not take a catastrophe to get people to open their wallets and their hearts to help others in need. The events that occurred on September 11th are an example of what it takes for people to realize that there are others in need of help. We, as Americans, and people, should have been helping all along, not just afterwards the occurrence of a di saster. The events of September eleventh showed the compassion that we have towards each other. Even members of countries other than the United States sympathized with the occurrences, and many croaked out to help much except than was expected. If people stop caring about the future, then there will be no future, it is as simple as that. We must always reach out to mankind, giving in every way we can, helping to conciliate the future strong, as was done for us by people from the past. Parents are a shining example. They work hard so they can send their children to college in hopes that their children will lead a more productive life than their own. Presidents are that another. Presidents, and other people with authority and power are at work each and every day in many countries because they are trying to make the world a better place for the future.There are unlimited ways to help mankind become better as a whole. Ranging from the low-toned things like donating clothes food and money to donating personal time, which is so precious in this modern day, that it is of the most valued donation available. It does not seem like much, but in the long run, it all adds up and makes a huge impact on the world.

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LChaimBravery can be defined in many antithetic ways, but it is not usually defined by an entire country. During World War Two, the entire country of Denmark decided that they would not submit to Hitler and aid him in the extermination of the Jewish people, or The Final Solution. Denmark is the only example of a country that was unwilling to succumb to the Nazi ideology and actively resist the regime. through with(predicate) various resistance movements and strikes, the Danes were able to communicate to the Germans that they were not welcome and that their principles would not be accepted.The country of Denmark is situated directly over Germany. Though it was not considered a major conquest by Hitler, it was valuable due to its location near Norway. The country of Denmark was considered so unimportant that the Germans considered excluding it from The Final Solution during the Wannsee Conference. The Jewish problem in Denmark seemed very insignificant compared to other countries con sidering that there were only seven thousand and five hundred Jews to the four million Danes. Regardless, Denmark was occupied by the Germans on April 9, 1940.The German influence on the Danish government and people was very small. The Danes were able to maintain their own government with the Germans only dictating the foreign policies. The people were hardly moved(p) as well, including the Jews. The Jewish people were able to continue with worship services and daily life as usual. The Jewish people were also exempt from corroding the Star of David, registering as Jews, or leaving their houses and relinquishing businesses.One of the main opposers of the German occupation was the king of Denmark himself, King Christian X. From his unarmed, unescorted rides t... ...s. Theresienstadt was liberated by the Soviets on May 9, 1945 after the camp was handed over to the International Red Cross. rough fifty Danish people died during the internment in the concentration camp. Around four h undred and fifty survived.Denmark has been honored for their bravery by several different monuments, such as a monument in Israel of a sauceboat that was done on the twenty-fifth day of remembrance of the rescue. There is also a boat that was used for the transportation to Sweden in the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Israel. Copenhagen has a monument with a large inscription in both Danish and Hebrew that was a gift from the Israeli people. The autumn of 2013 marked the seventieth anniversary of the rescue of the Danish Jews. May we always remember the courage of a country devoted to seeing past the labels placed on people and seeing them as individuals instead.